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What is an operating system?
An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides services for computer programs.
What are the main functions of an operating system?
The main functions of an operating system include managing memory, handling input and output devices, controlling file systems, scheduling tasks, and providing a user interface.
What are the different types of operating systems?
The different types of operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, Android, and iOS.
What is multitasking in an operating system?
Multitasking is the ability of an operating system to execute multiple tasks or processes concurrently, sharing the processor’s time between them.
What is virtual memory?
Virtual memory is a technique used by operating systems to simulate more physical memory than is actually available. It allows running programs to use more memory than what is physically installed on the system.
What is a file system?
A file system is a method used by operating systems to organize and store files on storage devices, such as hard drives or SSDs.
What is the difference between a process and a thread?
A process is an instance of a running program, while a thread is a unit of execution within a process. Multiple threads can exist within a single process and share the same resources.
What is a device driver?
A device driver is a software component that allows the operating system to communicate with hardware devices, enabling the system to control and use those devices.
What is a command-line interface (CLI)?
A command-line interface is a text-based interface that allows users to interact with the operating system by typing commands.
What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
A graphical user interface is an interface that uses graphical elements, such as windows, icons, and menus, to interact with the operating system.
What is the role of a bootloader?
A bootloader is responsible for loading the operating system into memory when a computer starts up. It initializes the system and transfers control to the operating system.
What is the purpose of an interrupt in an operating system?
An interrupt is a signal that indicates the occurrence of an event that requires immediate attention from the operating system. It allows the system to handle events like hardware errors or user input.
What is a system call?
A system call is a request made by a user program to the operating system for a specific service, such as reading from or writing to a file.
What is a process scheduler?
A process scheduler is a component of the operating system that determines the order in which processes are executed and allocated system resources like the CPU.
What is the difference between a 32-bit and a 64-bit operating system?
The main difference between a 32-bit and a 64-bit operating system is the size of the memory addresses they can handle. A 32-bit system can address up to 4GB of RAM, while a 64-bit system can access much larger amounts of memory.
What is a deadlock in an operating system?
A deadlock is a situation in which two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for a resource that the other holds.
What is a shell in an operating system?
A shell is a program that provides an interface for users to interact with the operating system. It interprets commands and executes them on behalf of the user.
What is a real-time operating system (RTOS)?
A real-time operating system is designed to handle tasks with specific timing requirements. It guarantees that critical tasks are executed within predefined time constraints.
What is paging in virtual memory management?
Paging is a memory management technique that divides physical memory and virtual memory into fixed-size blocks called pages. It allows the operating system to load and unload pages from disk as needed.
What is a process control block (PCB)?
A process control block is a data structure used by the operating system to store information about a running process, including its state, priority, memory allocation, and register values.
What is a context switch?
A context switch is the process of saving the current state of a running process and restoring the saved state of another process. It allows the operating system to switch between multiple processes.
What is a system tray in a GUI?
A system tray is a section of the taskbar in a graphical user interface where icons representing background or minimized applications are displayed.
What is a page fault?
A page fault occurs when a process accesses a page of memory that is not currently mapped to physical memory. The operating system handles the page fault by loading the required page from disk into memory.
What is a root directory?
The root directory is the top-level directory in a file system. It is the starting point for navigating the file system and contains other directories and files.
What is a network operating system (NOS)?
A network operating system is an operating system specifically designed to support the functions of a computer network, such as file sharing, printer sharing, and network security.
What is the role of a cache in an operating system?
A cache is a small and fast memory component used to store frequently accessed data. It helps improve the overall performance of the system by reducing the time needed to access data from slower memory or storage.
What is a kernel in an operating system?
The kernel is the core component of an operating system. It manages the system’s resources, provides low-level services, and acts as a bridge between hardware and software.
What is process synchronization?
Process synchronization is a mechanism used to coordinate the execution of multiple processes or threads to ensure data integrity and avoid race conditions.
What is a page table?
A page table is a data structure used by the operating system to keep track of the mapping between virtual memory addresses used by processes and physical memory addresses.
What is a spooler in an operating system?
A spooler is a software component that manages print jobs sent to a printer. It queues the print jobs and controls the order in which they are processed.
What is a shared library in an operating system?
A shared library, also known as a dynamic link library (DLL) in Windows or a shared object (SO) in Unix-like systems, is a file containing reusable code and data that multiple programs can use simultaneously.
What is a page replacement algorithm?
A page replacement algorithm is used by the operating system to select which pages to remove from memory when there is a page fault and no free memory is available. Examples include the LRU (Least Recently Used) and FIFO (First-In, First-Out) algorithms.
What is a mutex?
A mutex, short for mutual exclusion, is a synchronization primitive used to protect shared resources from simultaneous access by multiple threads or processes.
What is an API (Application Programming Interface)?
An API is a set of rules and protocols that defines how software components should interact with each other. It provides a way for applications to access the functionality of an operating system or other software libraries.
What is an I/O scheduler?
An I/O scheduler is a component of the operating system that determines the order in which I/O requests from processes are serviced. It aims to optimize disk performance by minimizing seek times and maximizing throughput.
What is process migration?
Process migration is the act of transferring a running process from one physical or virtual machine to another while preserving its execution state. It allows for load balancing and resource optimization in distributed systems.
What is the difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling?
Preemptive scheduling allows the operating system to interrupt a running process and allocate the CPU to another process, while non-preemptive scheduling relies on processes voluntarily giving up the CPU.
What is a semaphore?
A semaphore is a synchronization construct used to control access to shared resources. It can be used to prevent simultaneous access by multiple processes or threads.
What is a watchdog timer?
A watchdog timer is a hardware or software mechanism that monitors the normal operation of a system. If the system fails to periodically reset the timer, it assumes that an error has occurred and takes corrective actions, such as rebooting the system.
What is a shell script?
A shell script is a script written in a shell programming language, such as Bash or PowerShell. It allows users to automate sequences of commands and perform tasks more efficiently.
What is a file descriptor?
A file descriptor is a unique identifier assigned by the operating system to an open file or device. It is used by processes to perform read and write operations on files.
What is dynamic linking?
Dynamic linking is a mechanism that allows programs to link to libraries at runtime, rather than at compile time. It enables efficient code reuse and reduces the size of executable files.
What is a zombie process?
A zombie process is a process that has completed execution but still has an entry in the process table. It no longer executes any code and consumes only a small amount of system resources. The operating system cleans up zombie processes by removing their entries from the process table.
What is an inode in a Unix-like file system?
An inode, short for index node, is a data structure used to store metadata about a file in a Unix-like file system. It contains information such as file permissions, ownership, timestamps, and pointers to data blocks.
What is a fork bomb?
A fork bomb is a malicious program or code snippet that rapidly and repeatedly creates child processes, consuming system resources and causing the system to become unresponsive.
What is the purpose of a watchdog process?
A watchdog process is a monitoring process that checks the health of other processes or system components. If a monitored process fails or hangs, the watchdog process can take appropriate actions, such as restarting the process or sending an alert.
What is thread synchronization?
Thread synchronization is the coordination of multiple threads to ensure that they access shared resources or execute critical sections of code in a mutually exclusive or orderly manner.
What is the booting process?
The booting process is the sequence of events that occurs when a computer starts up. It involves loading the operating system into memory, initializing hardware devices, and preparing the system for user interaction.
What is a deadlock detection algorithm?
A deadlock detection algorithm is used by the operating system to identify the presence of deadlocks in a system. It examines resource allocation graphs or resource wait-for graphs to determine if a deadlock has occurred.
What is a watchdog card?
A watchdog card, also known as a hardware watchdog, is a specialized hardware device that monitors the health of a computer system. It can automatically reboot the system or take other actions if the system hangs or becomes unresponsive.
What is a scheduling algorithm?
A scheduling algorithm is a method used by the operating system to determine the order in which processes or threads are executed. It takes into account factors such as priority, resource requirements, and fairness.
What is a zombie thread?
A zombie thread is a thread that has completed its execution but still has an entry in the thread table. It does not consume any system resources, but its entry remains in the table until the parent thread retrieves its exit status.
What is a context diagram?
A context diagram is a visual representation that shows the interactions between a system (such as an operating system) and its external entities, including users, hardware devices, and other software systems.
What is a protected mode in a CPU?
Protected mode is a mode of operation in the CPU that provides hardware-based memory protection and multitasking capabilities. It allows the operating system to isolate processes and prevent them from interfering with each other’s memory or execution.
What is a process group?
A process group is a collection of related processes that share the same process ID and have a common controlling terminal. Process groups are used for job control and signaling in Unix-like operating systems.
What is a GUI toolkit?
A GUI toolkit, also known as a widget toolkit or UI framework, is a set of libraries and tools used to create graphical user interfaces. Examples include Qt, GTK, and Windows Forms.
What is a watchdog process in embedded systems?
In embedded systems, a watchdog process is responsible for monitoring the normal operation of the system. If the watchdog process detects a failure or malfunction, it can initiate corrective actions, such as resetting the system or triggering an alarm.
What is thread pooling?
Thread pooling is a technique in which a pool of reusable threads is created in advance to execute tasks. Instead of creating a new thread for each task, threads from the pool are assigned to perform the work, improving efficiency and reducing overhead.
What is a pipe in an operating system?
A pipe is a mechanism for interprocess communication, allowing data to be passed between two or more processes. It provides a unidirectional flow of data, where the output of one process is connected to the input of another process.
What is a memory leak?
A memory leak is a situation in which a program allocates memory but fails to release it when it is no longer needed. Over time, memory leaks can lead to the exhaustion of available memory, resulting in decreased system performance or crashes.
What is a thread-safe data structure?
A thread-safe data structure is designed to be accessed and modified by multiple threads simultaneously without causing data corruption or inconsistencies. Thread-safe data structures often employ synchronization mechanisms, such as locks or atomic operations, to ensure proper thread coordination.
What is an interrupt handler?
An interrupt handler, also known as an interrupt service routine (ISR), is a function that is executed in response to an interrupt. It handles the interrupt and performs any necessary actions, such as saving the current state of the system or servicing a hardware device.
What is a rootkit?
A rootkit is a malicious software component that allows an attacker to gain unauthorized access and control over a computer system. Rootkits are designed to hide their presence from detection by antivirus software or system monitoring tools.
What is a critical section in thread synchronization?
A critical section is a portion of code or a data structure that can be accessed by multiple threads simultaneously. To ensure data integrity and avoid race conditions, access to the critical section must be synchronized using techniques like locks or semaphores.
What is a spool file?
A spool file, short for “simultaneous peripheral operations online,” is a temporary file used by the operating system to store data or commands while they are being processed or waiting to be sent to a peripheral device, such as a printer.
What is the role of a shell in a Unix-like operating system?
In a Unix-like operating system, the shell is a command-line interpreter that allows users to interact with the system by typing commands. It interprets the commands and executes them, providing a user-friendly interface to the operating system.
What is a round-robin scheduling algorithm?
The round-robin scheduling algorithm is a preemptive scheduling algorithm in which each process is assigned a fixed time slice or quantum to execute. When a time slice expires, the process is preempted, and the next process in the queue is given a chance to run.
What is the purpose of an init process?
The init process is the first process launched by the operating system during the booting process. It has process ID 1 and serves as the parent process for all other processes, responsible for starting and managing them.
What is a superblock in a file system?
A superblock is a data structure in a file system that contains metadata about the file system itself, such as the size of the file system, the number of blocks, and the location of important data structures like the inode table.
What is a job scheduler?
A job scheduler is a component of an operating system or a separate software tool used to manage and schedule batch jobs or background tasks. It determines the order in which jobs are executed based on priority, resource availability, and other factors.
What is a process group ID (PGID)?
A process group ID is an identifier assigned to a collection of related processes that share the same controlling terminal. It is used for job control and signaling purposes in Unix-like operating systems.
What is a parallel file system?
A parallel file system is a distributed file system designed to provide high-performance access to shared storage across multiple nodes or servers in a cluster or supercomputer. It allows multiple processes to access the same file concurrently.
What is a resident set size (RSS)?
The resident set size is the portion of a process’s memory that is currently in physical RAM. It represents the amount of memory a process is actively using and can impact system performance if it exceeds available RAM.
What is a linker in the context of operating systems?
A linker is a software tool that combines object files generated by a compiler into a single executable or shared library. It resolves symbols, performs address relocation, and generates the final binary file that can be executed by the operating system.
What is a directory traversal attack?
A directory traversal attack, also known as path traversal or directory climbing, is a security vulnerability that allows an attacker to access files or directories outside the intended scope of the application. It occurs when insufficient validation or sanitization of user input is performed.
What is the role of an idle process?
An idle process, also known as an idle task or idle thread, is a process or thread that runs when there are no other tasks to execute. Its purpose is to keep the CPU busy during periods of inactivity and perform low-priority background tasks.
What is a bootstrap loader?
A bootstrap loader, often referred to as the bootloader, is a small program that initializes the computer’s hardware and loads the operating system into memory. It is typically stored in the computer’s firmware or on a separate boot device.
What is a distributed operating system?
A distributed operating system is an operating system that runs on multiple machines or nodes connected in a network and provides a unified interface and services to users and applications. It enables the sharing of resources and coordination of tasks in a distributed computing environment.
What is a demand-paging system?
A demand-paging system is a memory management technique where pages are brought into memory from disk only when they are required by a running process. It allows for efficient memory utilization by loading pages on-demand rather than loading the entire program into memory.
What is a semaphore deadlock?
A semaphore deadlock is a situation where multiple processes or threads are waiting indefinitely for a semaphore, causing a deadlock condition. This can occur when the semaphore’s count becomes zero, and no process releases the semaphore.
What is a virtual file system (VFS)?
A virtual file system is an abstraction layer that allows the operating system to provide a consistent interface for accessing different types of file systems, such as local file systems, network file systems, and special file systems.
What is a spooling system?
A spooling system, short for “simultaneous peripheral operations online,” is a software component that manages the orderly and efficient execution of print jobs. It queues the print requests and controls the spooling of data to the printer.
What is a hybrid kernel?
A hybrid kernel is an operating system kernel architecture that combines features of both monolithic and microkernel designs. It aims to provide the performance and efficiency of a monolithic kernel while offering modularity and fault isolation similar to a microkernel.
What is a critical region in thread synchronization?
A critical region is a section of code or a data structure that must be accessed atomically by multiple threads to maintain data integrity. Thread synchronization techniques, such as locks or mutexes, are used to ensure exclusive access to critical regions.
What is a system call?
A system call is a mechanism provided by the operating system that allows user-level processes to request services or functionality from the kernel. Examples of system calls include file operations, process management, and network communication.
What is a privilege escalation attack?
A privilege escalation attack is a security exploit where an attacker gains unauthorized access to a system or elevates their privileges to perform actions beyond their intended level of authorization. It typically involves exploiting vulnerabilities or misconfigurations in the system.
What is a watchdog timer in real-time systems?
In real-time systems, a watchdog timer is a hardware or software component that monitors the timing behavior of critical tasks or processes. If a task exceeds its specified time constraints, the watchdog timer can take corrective actions, such as resetting the system or triggering an alert.
What is a file system journaling?
File system journaling is a technique used by file systems to ensure the consistency and integrity of data in the event of a system crash or power failure. It involves recording changes to the file system in a journal, allowing for faster recovery and minimizing the risk of data corruption.
What is a monitor in concurrent programming?
A monitor is a synchronization construct that provides a high-level interface for controlling access to shared resources in concurrent programming. It allows multiple threads to synchronize their access to the resource and provides mutual exclusion through the use of monitors and condition variables.
What is a cache coherence problem?
A cache coherence problem occurs in a multiprocessor system when multiple caches hold copies of the same memory location, and the copies become inconsistent due to uncoordinated updates. Cache coherence protocols are used to ensure that all caches observe a consistent view of memory.
What is a system image in an operating system?
A system image is a complete snapshot or copy of an operating system installation, including the OS files, configuration settings, and installed applications. It can be used to restore or replicate the system on another machine.
What is a race condition in concurrent programming?
A race condition is a situation where the behavior of a program or system depends on the relative timing or interleaving of operations by multiple threads or processes. It can lead to unexpected and non-deterministic results, data corruption, or system failures.
What is a page fault?
A page fault is an exception that occurs when a process accesses a page of virtual memory that is not currently present in physical memory. The operating system handles the page fault by bringing the required page from disk into memory and updating the page table.
What is a real-time operating system (RTOS)?
A real-time operating system is an operating system designed to provide deterministic and predictable behavior for time-critical applications. It guarantees that tasks meet their deadlines and respond to events within specified time constraints.
What is a firmware?
Firmware is a type of software that is permanently stored in a hardware device, such as a computer’s BIOS or a printer’s microcontroller. It provides the low-level control and functionality required for the device to operate correctly.
What is a logical address space?
A logical address space is the set of all possible addresses that a process can reference during its execution. It represents the memory view of a process, independent of the actual physical memory locations.
What is a system profiler?
A system profiler is a software tool that gathers detailed information about a computer system’s hardware and software configuration. It provides insights into the system’s components, drivers, performance, and compatibility.
What is a distributed shared memory (DSM)?
Distributed shared memory is a memory model used in distributed systems where multiple nodes or computers share a common address space. It provides the illusion of a single, large memory space that can be accessed by processes running on different nodes.
What is a command interpreter?
A command interpreter, also known as a command-line interpreter or shell, is a program that interprets and executes commands entered by a user or provided through scripts. It provides an interface between the user and the operating system.
What is a hybrid drive?
A hybrid drive, also known as a solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD), is a storage device that combines a traditional hard disk drive (HDD) with a smaller amount of solid-state storage (SSD). It offers a balance between capacity and performance by using the SSD as a cache for frequently accessed data.
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